Cardiovascular System

Bio 240 Supplemental Review With Dr. Xavier

Cardiovascular System

The cardiovascular system consists of four components:

The function of the cardiovascular system is to transport oxygen and nutrients around the body to the cells that need it.  At the same time it also removes carbon dioxide and other waste products from the body.
  1. Blood, 2. Heart, 3, Blood Vessels, 4. Conduction System

Components of Blood

The body contains approximately 5 litres of blood and this is a mixture made up of red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets all suspended in a liquid called plasma.


 


Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)

  • Make up 40-50% of the total blood volume
  • Made in the bone marrow
Function
  • Carry oxygen from lungs to all cells of the body
  • Carry carbon dioxide away from cells
Properties
  • Contain oxygen carrying molecule called haemoglobin which combines with oxygen to give oxyhaemoglobin.

Haemoglobin + Oxygen => Oxyhaemoglobin

  • Haemoglobin also responsible for the red colour of blood
  • Biconcave shape providing a large surface area to volume ratio to absorb the maximum amount of oxygen.
  • Have no nucleus, therefore more surface area to carry haemoglobin and hence oxygen
  • Small and flexible so can pass easily through blood vessels

White Blood Cells (Leukocytes)

  • Make up 1% of the blood volume
  • Made in the bone marrow
  • Form part of the immune system
  • Two main types: Lymphocytes and Phagocytes
Function
  • Defend the body against infection and disease
  • Lypmhocytes: Recognise virus or bacteria as being foreign and make antibodies to attack and destroy them
  • Phagocytes: Destroy virus and bacteria by engulfing them in a process known as phagocytosis.  They take the germ into the cell then digest and destroy it.
Properties
  • Have a large nucleus
  • Larger than red blood cells
  • Shape varies depending on which type of cell
  • Have a flexible shape so that they can engulf microorganisms

Platelets (Thrombocytes)

  • Fragments of larger cells
  • Made in the bone marrow
Function
  • Help blood to clot by clumping together and forming a plug.  (Therefore you do not bleed to death if you cut yourself).
  • Protect the body by stopping bleeding
Properties
  • No nucleus

Plasma

  • Makes up 55% of the blood volume
Function
  • Transports dissolved substances e.g. Carbon dioxide, glucose, salts, urea, hormones, antibodies, plasma proteins around the body
  • Brings nourishment to cells and removes waste products
  • Prevents blood vessels from collapsing
Properties
  • Yellow liquid part of the blood in which red and white blood cells as well as platelets are suspended
  • 95% of it consists of water with many substances dissolved in it

PART I

  1. The cardiovascular system consists of ___________ and ____________________ which work to distribute blood throughout the entire body. What conditions are being maintained by the cardiovascular system? Think in terms of homeostasis.
  2. Blood vessel called _____________ carry blood away from the heart and ___________ carry blood toward the heart. Which carries oxygenated blood?
  3. Describe the similarities and differences in structure of arteries and veins. How does their structure make them fit for their purpose?
  4. What is an aneurysm and why are they dangerous?
  5. Vasoconstriction and vasodilation refer to what? These conditions are caused by action of ____________________________.
  6. Capillaries are designed for maximum _________________________. Describe their structure and how each of the following substances are transported from blood to tissues: water, oxygen, sugars, proteins, leucocytes.
  7. What force causes fluid to move out of capillaries? What force causes fluid to move back into capillaries?
  8. What happens to any excess fluid left in the tissues?
  9. Describe the 3 mechanisms that propel blood in the veins. Why are sedentary people prone to problems associated with inadequate return of blood?
  10. Describe the paths of pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation. What would happen if more blood was pumped into one system than the other? How does the structure of veins help counteract this potential problem?
  11. The heart is located between the right and left ________, and is surrounded by the __________________________. This serous membrane is filled with ______________ that provides ________________________________.
  12. Name the 3 layers of the heart and describe the purpose of each layer
  13. Name the major structures in the heart (chambers, valves, incoming and outgoing vessels) and trace the flow of blood through the heart.
  14. Describe these features of the conduction system of the heart and the sequence in which they transmit impulses: sinoatrial node (SA), Purkinje fibers, atrioventricular node, and AV bundle.
  15. Now describe one cardiac cycle, in relation to the signal conduction you described in question 14. Specify which chamber contracts and where the blood moves when it does contract. Use these terms: atrial systole, ventricular systole, diastole.
  16. The heart gets its own oxygen and nutrients from blood in the _________________ artery. If this vessel is blocked, the result is ____________________________________.
  17. What is an ECG and what information does it reveal?
  18. Blood pressure is measured as two numbers, which represent _____________ and ______________________ pressure in the _________. Blood pressure increases/decreases (circle one) as the vessels get further away from the heart.
  19. Describe how blood pressure is measured using a sphygmomanometer. What sound is listened for with the stethoscope? What are the units of this measurement?
  20. Why is hypertension called the “silent killer”? What problems can it lead to, if untreated?
  21. Define cardiac output. What two factors are altered to increase or decrease the cardiac output? How long doe sit take one blood cell to travel through the entire circulatory system once?
  22. Blood pressure is regulated by means of the cardiac output and by controlling ________________________________________. Blood pressure is detected by ______________________________ located ______________________________.
  23. The region of the brain called ________________________ receives signals from these baroreceptors and other inputs (___________________ and ________________ nerves). It sends signal to the heart via ___________________ and __________________ nerves to speed up or slow down.
  24. What effect does epinephrine have on cardiac output and blood pressure? P178)
  25. Explain how tissues can increase their own local blood supply, even if the systemic signal is to limit blood supply.
  26. What immediate effect does exercise have on cardiac output? On blood pressure? What is a long=term effect of exercise on cardiac output?
  27. What is angina and what does it indicate?
  28. What is a stroke and what can cause it?
  29. List strategies that you can do to prevent cardiovascular disease.
  30. ___________________________ is another name used for shock.
  31. Tachycardia is: ___________________________
  32. Bradycardia is: ___________________________
  33. CPR stands for: __________________________
  34. Cardiac Arrest is: _________________________
  35. Respiratory Arrest: ________________________
  36. Perfusion is: _____________________________
  37. Capillary Refill is: _________________________
  38. Pallor is: ________________________________
  39. Clinical Death is: __________________________
  40. Biological Death is: ________________________
  41. Trendelensburg Position is: _____________________________
  42. List 5 diseases or conditions associated with the Cardiovascular System: a. ________________ b. _____________ c. _________________. d. ________________    e. _______________
  43. List the layers of the heart: ____________________
  44. List the layers of an Artery: ____________________
  45. List any 5 medications associated with treating diseases or conditions of the Cardiovascular System.  a. ________________ b. _____________ c. _________________. d. ________________    e. _______________
  46. List Any  5 Signs associated with  diseases or conditions of the Cardiovascular System.  a. ________________ b. _____________ c. _________________. d. ________________  e. _______________
  47. List Any  5 Symptoms associated with  diseases or conditions of the Cardiovascular System.  a. ________________ b. _____________ c. _________________. d. ________________  e. _______________
  48. List 5 risk factors which may lead to Cardiovascular Disease: a. ________________ b. _____________ c. _________________. d. ________________  e. _______________
  49. List the four major components
  50. List the four pacemaker sites of the heart and their intrinsic rates:   a. ________________,  __________ b. _____________,   _______________ c. _________________,  __________. d. ________________,  ________e. _______________,   ________

 

DISEASES AND DISORDERS OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

Match the disorders listed below to the correct descriptions.

A. Rheumatic Fever,

B. Thrombosis,

C. Arteriosclerosis,

D. Varicose Veins,

E. Septicemia

F. Simple Anaemia,

G. Heart Failure,

H. Haemophilia,

I. Atherosclerosis,

J. Hypertension,

K. Leukaemia,

L.Angina Pectoris,

M. High Cholesterol,

N. Phlebitis

1 “Chest Pain” caused by reduced oxygen supply to the heart.

2 Toxins in the blood

3 Deficiency in the clotting of blood

4 Clot of blood within the heart or blood vessels

5 High blood pressure

6 Malignant disease of the white blood cells which continuously increase

7 Heart not capable of supplying the oxygen demands of the body

8 Excessive amount of fatlike material present in the blood

9 Hardening of the arteries

10 Inflammation of the wall of a vein, which is most commonly seen in the legs as a complication of varicose veins

11 Fatty substances deposited on walls of arteries

12 Inflammation of the heart that damages valves due to bacteria

13 Stretched veins causing impaired valves

14 Deficiency in Iron

 

The Heart

 

Now….On your own. Try labeling the parts:)

Image result for Label the heart

Quick Questions

1. State which chamber of the heart:

a) Receives blood from the lungs

b) Receives blood from the systemic circulation

c) Pumps blood to the lungs

d) Pumps blood to the systemic circulation

2. Choose the correct blood vessels for each statement: –

a) Carry blood to the heart

b) Allow transfer of nutrients and waste products between blood and tissues

c) Carry blood away from the heart Choose from:-

i) Arteries

ii) Veins

iii) Capillaries

3. Where does the heart muscle get its own blood supply from?

4. Where is the tricuspid valve found?

5. Blood returns from the lungs to the heart via the:-

a) Pulmonary artery

b) Pulmonary vein

c) Aorta

d) Inferior vena cava

6. Which of the following are not arteries:-

a) Femoral

b) Popliteal

c) Superior vena cava

d) Coronary

e) Jugular

f) Mitral

7. Give three major factors influencing blood pressure.

8. Blood pressure can be expressed as two numbers e.g. 120/80

a) What does 120 represent?

b) What does 80 represent?

9. Describe what happens during Systole

10. Describe what  happens during Diastole


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