Final Assessment & Exam Review BIO 240
BIO 240 ST ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY FINAL
Which of the following structure is present in veins and not in arteries?
- elastic tissue b. endothelium c. valves d. muscular layer
Which of the following makes the only wall present in veins?
- elastic tissue b. endothelium c. valves d. muscular layer
All of the following arteries have oxygenated blood except
- brachial b. radial c. femoral d. pulmonary
Smaller branch of an artery is called
- aorta b. arteriole c. venule d. capillary
Mitral valve is present between
- right atrium and left atrium b. right atrium and right ventricle
- left atrium and left ventricle d. left ventricle and right ventricle
Which of the following artery is most commonly used to monitor BP?
- radial b. carotid c. brachial d. femoral
Exchange of gases take place at the level of
- arteries b .veins c. venules d. capillaries
Coronary arteries to supply heart muscles arise from
- arch of aorta b. descending aorta c. ascending aorta d. thoracic aorta
SA node
- is present in right atrium b. is the pace maker c. generates impulses d. all of the above
Terminal fibers of the conduction system of the heart are/is called
- AV node b. purkinje fibers c. bundle of His d. right bundle branch
Which one of the following blood group is universal donor?
- AB+ b. O – c. O+ d. AB –
Pericardium is the
- inner layer b. middle layer c. outer layer d. outermost coverings
13.Interventricular septum is
- present between right and left ventricle b. present between right and left atrium
- right and left side of nose d. none of the above
First reaction after a blood vessel is damaged is
- platelet gathering b. thrombus formation c. vasoconstriction d. ADP release
Albumin in the blood
- makes clot b. holds water within blood vessels c. makes antibodies d. none
Hematocrit of the blood is
- 55% plasma b. 45% cellular part c. thrombin d. albumin
Epinehrine causes
- vasodilation b. vasoconstriction c. high blood pressure d. both b&c
Blood vessel present at the back of knee is
- femoral b. dorsalis pedis c. popliteal d. inferior vena cave
Which one of the following is true about plaque?
- is also known as atheroma b. it narrows the lumen of vessel
- is composed of firofatty material .cells & lipids d. all of the above are true
Partial occlusion of coronary arteries causes
- myocardial infarction b. stroke c. angina pectoris d. transient ischemic attack
Marginal artery is a branch of
- right coronary artery b. left coronary artery
Myocardial infarction occurs mostly commonly in
- right ventricle b. left ventricle
Which one of the following conditions has both thickening & hardening of the arteries
- arteriosclerosis
- atherosclerosis
- glomerulonephritis
- None of the above
When heart is unable to pump enough blood throughout the body this condition is called
- hypertension
- congestive heart failure
- myocardial infarction
- none of the above
Which one of the following condition causes enlargement of right ventricle because of lung disease?
- myocardial infarction
- hypertension
- cor pulmonale
- cardiac tamponade
Coarctation is ——————-of aorta
- widening b. narrowing c. weakening d. blockage
Tetralogy of Fallot has
- pulmonary artery stenosis b. ventricle septal defect
- shift of the aorta to the right d. all of the above are true
Extra or abnormal heart sound is called
- aneurysm b. murmur c. lub dub d. all are correct
Blood flow is measured with the help of
- echocardiography b. Doppler c. PET d. all of the above
Removal of plague from an artery is called
- thrombolytic therapy
- defibrillation
- endqarterectomy
- atherosclerosis
Thrombocytes produce
- erythrocytes b. leucocytes c. platelets d. plasma
A Reticulocyte is
- WBC b. immature RBC c. Platelet d. dead RBC
Percentage or portion of blood which is composed of blood cells is called
- hematemesis b. hemoptysis c. hematocrit d. PCV
Heme part of hemoglobin consists of
- iron b. bilirubin c. both a&b are true d. protein
Intrinsic factor
- is secreted by stomach
- is needed to absorb Vit B-12
- if lacks we can not produce RBCs condition called pernious anemia
- all of the are true
Erythropoietin is
- a hormone b. secreted by kidney
- stimulates erythropoisis d. all of the above are true
_______________________________ are clotting factors in plasma
- globulin b. fibrinogen c. thrombinogen d. both b&c
The acronym CAD stands for:
Cardiovascular Artery Disease b. Coronary Artery Disease
- Carotid Artery Disease d. Conduction Articulated Dysrhythmia
___________________________ is responsible for the exchange of CO2:
WBCs b. RBCs c. Lymphocytes d. Reticulocytes e. None of the above
Failure of bone marrow to produce RBC is
- hemolytic anemia b. aplastic anemia c. Pernious anemia d. thalssemia
Defect to produce functional hemoglobin in RBCs is
- hemolytic anemia b. aplastic anemia c. Pernious anemia d. Thalssemia
Lack of clotting factor VIII or XI is
- Hemophilia b. aplastic anemia c. hematocrit d. Thalssemia
Malignant of bone marrow is
- Wilms tumor b. asteoma c. multiple myeloma d. multiple sclerosis
Granulocytosis is
- increase in number of WBCs b. is because of infection
- both a&b are true d. none of the above is true
Space around cells in a tissue is called
- lymphatic space b. interstitial space c. dead space d. plasma membrane
Fluid in interstitial spaces around cells is a fluid which comes there from leaking
- veins b. arteries c. capillaries d. all of the above
Another name for adenoids is
- palatine tonsils
- lingual tonsils
- nasopharyngeal tonsils
- sublingual tonsils
Which one of the following activates WBCs?
- spleen b. lymph nodes c. thymus d. reticulocytes e. parathyroid
The following percentages can account for less than 1% in the blood:
- Plasma b. WBCs c. Reticulocytes d. Platelets e. both b and d
Which one of the following can result from an exaggerated allergic reaction?
- Drug overdose
- Anaphylaxis
- Lupus
- Anemia
Fluid from interstitial spaces moves into
- blood capillaries b. lymph capillaries
- cytoplasm d. sub-arachnoid membrane
Which one of the following gland does not secretes saliva?
- parotid b. sublingual c. submandibular d. parathyroid
Which one of the following prevents peritonitis?
- cecum b.appendix c. greater omentum d. none of the above
The outermost layer of intestine is called
- mucosa b. muscularis c. submucosa d.serosa
The hormone that stimulates uterine contractions is
- granular cell carcinoma b. progesterone c. Oxytocin d. Estrogen
The pepsin digests
- carbohydrates b. proteins c. fat d. vitamins
The Inner folds of the stomach are called
- villi b. omentum c. rugae d. pylorus
The bile is produced in
- gall bladder b .liver c. common bile duct d. spleen
The 2nd part of small intestine is
- cecum b.duodenum c.ileum d. jujenum
The lack of intrinsic factor causes
- pernicious anemia b. hemolytic anemia c. arthritis d. melanoma
The sphincter of Oddi is present in
- esophagus b. duodenum c. jejunum d. colon
The pylorus sphincter is present between
- esophagus and stomach b. stomach and duodenum
- duodenum and jejunum d. ileum and cecum
The fold of peritoneum which attaches small intestine with posterior abdominal wall is
- mesocolon b. mesoappendix c. mesentery d. omentum
Which one of the following gland is both endocrine as well as exocrine
- spleen b. stomach c. pancreas d. liver
The insulin is secreted from
- alpha cell of the Islets of Langerhans b. beta cell of the Islets of Langerhans
- adrenal medulla d. adrenal cortex
The hyperbilirubinemia cause
- jaundice b. hypertrophy c. ascites d. encarditis
The colon absorbs
- proteins b. Vit-B12 c. water & electrolytes d. none of the above
The nutrients are absorbed by
- small intestine b. large intestine c. Stomach d. colon
The cardiac sphincter is present
- at lower esophagus b. around aorta
- between the stomach and duodenum d. attaches to the cecum
The villi provides
- motility to bacteria
- increased absorptive surface area in small intestine for nutrients
- protein
- ATP
The bile
- emulsifies fat b. chemically digests fat
- creates fat d. none of the above
The thymus gland is located in
- cranium b. abdomen c. thorax d. pelvis
The hormones produced during stressful situations by adrenal glands are
- corticoids b. adrenalin c. ACTH d.insulin
The hormones secreted by the pancreas directly into the blood stream is
- trypsin b. lipase c. amylase d. insulin
Ovulation is under the effect of
- FSH b. LH c. growth hormone d. Oxytocin
Uterine contraction is by
- FSH b. LH c. growth hormone d. Oxytocin
Glucagon
- increases blood glucose b. decreases blood glucose
- doesnot do anything with glucose d. decreases calcium
Calcitonin
- is secreted by thyroid b. decreases blood calcium level
c..increases blood calcium level d. a&b
Abnormal increase in RBCs in blood is
- hemochromatosis b. polycythemia vera
- leucocytosis d. none of the above
Which of the following is “secreted” in the urine?
- amino acids b. triglycerides c. cretinine d. albumin
Urine passes through the
- hilum to the bladder to the ureter b. renal pelvis to ureter to bladder to urethra
- glomerulus to ureter to renal tubule d. hilum to urethra to bladder
The renal tubule and the peritubular arteriole make up a/an
- Neuron b. Nephron. C. Myocyte. d. Renal sinus.
The chamber that actually houses the hearing receptors is the __________________. | ||||||
A. vestibule | ||||||
B. semicircular canal | ||||||
C. scala tympani | ||||||
D. cochlear duct | ||||||
The inner surface of the eyelids is lined with ______________. | ||||||
conjunctiva | ||||||
extrinsic eye muscles | ||||||
dense connective tissue | ||||||
lacrimal apparatus | ||||||
The region on the retina that produces the sharpest vision is called the _______________. | ||||||
sclera | ||||||
aqueous humor | ||||||
fovea centralis | ||||||
optic disk | ||||||
Objects are perceived by photoreceptors because the rods or cones _____________ as their _______________ in the presence of light. | ||||||
depolarize; pigments are manufactured | ||||||
hyperpolarize; pigments decompose | ||||||
repolarize; pigments remain unchanged | ||||||
depolarize; pigments decompose | ||||||
Which muscle moves the eye toward the midline? | ||||||
superior oblique | ||||||
inferior oblique | ||||||
medial rectus | ||||||
lateral rectus | ||||||
Which extrinsic eye muscle rotates the eyes clockwise? | ||||||
inferior oblique | ||||||
superior oblique | ||||||
lateral rectus | ||||||
medial rectus | ||||||
Which cranial nerve does not innervate eye muscles? | ||||||
III | ||||||
trochlear | ||||||
abducens | ||||||
II | ||||||
The hormone that stimulates uterine contractions is
a. granular cell carcinoma b. progesterone c. Oxytocin d. Estrogen
The pepsin digests a. carbohydrates b. proteins c. fat d. vitamins
The Inner folds of the stomach are called a. villi b. omentum c. rugae d. pylorus
The bile is produced in a. gall bladder b .liver c. common bile duct d. spleen
The 2nd part of small intestine is a. cecum b.duodenum c.ileum d. jujenum
The lack of intrinsic factor causes a. pernicious anemia b. hemolytic anemia c. arthritis d. melanoma
The sphincter of Oddi is present in a. esophagus b. duodenum c. jejunum d. colon
The pylorus sphincter is present between a. esophagus and stomach b. stomach and duodenum c. duodenum and jejunum d. ileum and cecum
The fold of peritoneum which attaches small intestine with posterior abdominal wall is a. mesocolon b. mesoappendix c. mesentery d. omentum
Which one of the following gland is both endocrine as well as exocrine a. spleen b. stomach c. pancreas d. liver
The insulin is secreted from a. alpha cell of the Islets of Langerhans b. beta cell of the Islets of Langerhans c. adrenal medulla d. adrenal cortex
The hyperbilirubinemia cause a. jaundice b. hypertrophy c. ascites d. encarditis
The colon absorbs a. proteins b. Vit-B12 c. water & electrolytes d. none of the above
The nutrients are absorbed by a. small intestine b. large intestine c. Stomach d. colon
The cardiac sphincter is present a. at lower esophagus b. around aorta c. between the stomach and duodenum d. attaches to the cecum
The villi provides a. motility to bacteria b. increased absorptive surface area in small intestine for nutrients c. protein d. ATP
The bile a. emulsifies fat b. chemically digests fat c. creates fat d. none of the above
The thymus gland is located in a. cranium b. abdomen c. thorax d. pelvis
The hormones produced during stressful situations by adrenal glands are a. corticoids b. adrenalin c. ACTH d.insulin
The hormones secreted by the pancreas directly into the blood stream is a. trypsin b. lipase c. amylase d. insulin
Ovulation is under the effect of a. FSH b. LH c. growth hormone d. Oxytocin
Uterine contraction is by a. FSH b. LH c. growth hormone d. Oxytocin
Glucagon a. increases blood glucose b. decreases blood glucose c. doesnot do anything with glucose d. decreases calcium
Calcitonin a. is secreted by thyroid b. decreases blood calcium level c..increases blood calcium level d. a&b
Abnormal increase in RBCs in blood is a. hemochromatosis b. polycythemia vera c. leucocytosis d. none of the above
The _____ is a membrane covering the anterior portion of the eyeball except for the cornea. |
||||||
A. cornea | ||||||
B. conjunctiva | ||||||
C. sclera | ||||||
D. eyelid
Sperm production begins in the seminiferous tubules. epididymis. vas deferens. ejaculatory duct.
The cell produced by fertilization is called A. gamete. B. embryo. C. fetus. D. zygote. The production of testosterone in the interstitial cells is stimulated by A. inhibin. B. luteinizing hormone (LH). C. follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). D. progesterone. Sperm maturation occurs in the A. seminiferous tubules. B.epididymis. C. vas deferens. D. urethra. The layer of the uterine wall that is shed during menstruation is the A. endometrium. B. myometrium. C. epimetrium. Where are urea and uric acid produced? Catabolism of amino and nucleic acids
What 3 categories do the kidneys excrete? Uric acid and urea products of blood cells and hemoglobin hormones, drug metabolism, pesticides
How does the kidney effect homeostasis? Fluid volume Electrolyte composition Osmolarity
How do the kidneys contribute to the endocrine system? Renin-angiotensin Erythropoietin
What is the nephron and its components? The functional unit of the kidney 1. The glomerulus (Bowman’s capsule) 2. Renal tubules
What is the function of the glomerulus and bowman’s capsule? Plasma filter
What is the function of the renal tubules? Transport, resorption, secretion
How many arterioles does each nephron have? 2 – afferent and efferent
How many capillaries does each nephron have? 2 – Glomerulus and peritubular
What are the 2 types of nephrons? Cortical nephron Juxtamedullary nephron
Where is the cortical nephron located? Only in the cortex Shorter loops Peritubular capillaries, no Vasa Recta
Where is the juxtamedullary nephron located? In both cortex and medulla Longer loops Vasa Recta
What is the filtration fraction? 20% of Renal Plasma Flow is filtered at the glomerulus
What is filtered at the glomerulus? Wwater, electrolytes, small molecules (urea, glucose, inulin) No proteins/cells
What is clearance? What the kidney can eliminate from plasma Urine concentration/plasma concentration x urine volume
What is the average urine volume/day? 1.8L
What 2 substances can be used to measure clearance? Inulin Creatinine – some reabsorbed, so gives lower clearance value Para Aminohypuric Acid
What is reabsorption? Reclaiming of some components in the filtered load – glucose, AAs, sodium, etc
How are some substances reabsorbed? Transporter substances Glucose needs Na to cotransport
What is transport maximum? There are no more carriers available, so the substance stops being reabsorbed and gets excreted
What is the filtered load? quantity of filtered substance exiting the glomerulus Concentration in plasma x GFR
What are the Starlings forces? Determine glomerular filtration Plasma/capillary Hydrostatic Plasma oncotic Bowman’s capsule pressure
Where is most of the glucose and sodium reabsorbed? Proximal tubule
Where are substances secreted? From peritubular capillaries into the renal tubules – limited transport
What substances are secreted? Para-amino hypuric acid Other organic acids
If filtration rate is greater than excretion rate Then there is a net reabsorption of X
If excretion rate is greater than filtration rate Then there is a net secretion of X
If filtration and excretion are the same There is no net reabsorption or secretion
What is the primary function of the proximal convoluted tubule? Reabsorb H2O and some essential solutes
How much of the filtered sodium and water is reabsorbed? 2/3’s
What 3 things use Na+ for cotransport? Glucose AAs HCO3
What is the action of carbonic anhydrase? Inhibit HCO3- reabsorption, act as diuretic
What does the thin descending limb of the loop do? highly permeable to water It is the Concentrating loop
What does the thin ascending limb of the loop do? Not permeable to water Permeable to NaCl and urea
What does the thick ascending limb do? Impermeable to water Somewhat permeable to urea Reabsorb NaCl – diluting loop
How do loop diurets work and what are they? Furosamide, ethacrynic acid, butemetamide Block Na, K, Cl pump
What is the role of the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct? Fine tuning
Where is ADH secreted? Supraoptic and para ventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus in response to volume and pressure changes in vascular bed
What is the effect of ADH? decreased urine volume
What is the function of JG cells? Smooth muscles in the arterioles, that contract/dilate them – contains renin
What is the function of the macula densa? Detects solute levels
What triggers renin release? low hydrostatic pressure in afferent Stimualtion of sympatheetics Changes in fluid at macula densa
Whaat is the function of renin? Converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I
How do we get angiotensin II? Angiotensin I circulates through lungs with angiotensin convertince enzyme (ACE)
What is the function of angiotensin II? Stimulates aldosterone Vasoconstriction of arterioles
What is the function of aldosterone? Increases reabsorption of Na+ Secretion of K+ and H+ D. None of the above.
The external genitalia of the female are collectively called A. labia. B. vulva. C. clitoris. D. mons pubis. The hormone that works with estrogen to prepare the endometrium for implantation of a fertilized egg is A. LH. B. FSH. C. ADH. D. progesterone. The average menstrual cycle is A. 14 days. B. 18 days. C. 24 days. D. 28 days. The structure between the uterus and the vagina is the A. uterine tube. B. cervix. C. vulva. D. hymen |
||||||