Final Assessment & Exam Review BIO 240

BIO 240        ST   ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY       FINAL

 

Which of the following structure is present in veins and not in arteries?

  1. elastic tissue b. endothelium c. valves        d. muscular layer

 

Which of the following makes the only wall present in veins?

  1. elastic tissue b. endothelium       c. valves        d. muscular layer

 

All of the following arteries have oxygenated blood except

  1. brachial b. radial c. femoral      d. pulmonary

 

Smaller branch  of an artery is called

  1. aorta b. arteriole c. venule          d. capillary

 

Mitral valve is present between

  1. right atrium and left atrium b. right atrium and right ventricle
  2. left atrium and left ventricle d. left ventricle and right ventricle

 

Which of the following artery is most commonly used to monitor BP?

  1. radial b. carotid c. brachial         d. femoral

 

Exchange of gases take place at the level of

  1. arteries b .veins c. venules        d. capillaries

 

Coronary arteries to supply heart muscles arise from

  1. arch of aorta b. descending aorta c. ascending aorta       d. thoracic aorta

 

SA node

  1. is present in right atrium b. is the pace maker c. generates impulses    d. all of the above

 

Terminal fibers of the conduction system of the heart are/is called

  1. AV node b. purkinje fibers c. bundle of His       d. right bundle branch

 

Which one of the following blood group is universal donor?

  1. AB+ b. O –    c. O+       d. AB –

 

Pericardium is the

  1. inner layer b. middle layer c. outer layer     d. outermost coverings

 

13.Interventricular  septum is

  1. present between right and left ventricle b. present between right and left atrium
  2. right and left side of nose d. none of the above

 

First reaction after a blood vessel is damaged is

  1. platelet gathering b. thrombus formation c. vasoconstriction     d. ADP release

 

Albumin in the blood

  1. makes clot b. holds water within blood vessels c. makes antibodies     d. none

 

Hematocrit of the blood is

  1. 55% plasma         b. 45% cellular part        c. thrombin       d. albumin

 

Epinehrine causes

  1. vasodilation b. vasoconstriction c. high blood pressure     d. both b&c

 

Blood vessel present at the back of knee is

  1. femoral b. dorsalis pedis c. popliteal       d. inferior vena cave

 

Which one of the following is true about plaque?

  1. is also known as atheroma b. it narrows the lumen of vessel
  2. is composed of firofatty material .cells & lipids d. all of the above are true

 

Partial occlusion of coronary arteries causes

  1. myocardial infarction b. stroke c. angina pectoris     d. transient ischemic attack

 

Marginal artery is a branch of

  1. right coronary artery b. left coronary artery

 

Myocardial infarction occurs mostly commonly in

  1. right ventricle b. left ventricle

 

Which one of the following conditions has both thickening & hardening of the arteries

  1. arteriosclerosis
  2. atherosclerosis
  3. glomerulonephritis
  4. None of the above

 

When heart is unable to pump enough blood throughout the body this condition is called

  1. hypertension
  2. congestive heart failure
  3. myocardial infarction
  4. none of the above

 

Which one of the following condition causes enlargement of right ventricle because of lung disease?

  1. myocardial infarction
  2. hypertension
  3. cor pulmonale
  4. cardiac tamponade

 

Coarctation is ——————-of aorta

  1. widening b. narrowing c. weakening        d. blockage

 

Tetralogy of Fallot has

  1. pulmonary artery stenosis b. ventricle septal defect
  2. shift of the aorta to the right d. all of the above are true

 

Extra or abnormal heart sound is called

  1. aneurysm b. murmur c. lub dub d. all are correct

 

Blood flow is measured with the help of

  1. echocardiography b. Doppler c. PET              d. all of the above

 

Removal of plague from an artery is called

  1. thrombolytic therapy
  2. defibrillation
  3. endqarterectomy
  4. atherosclerosis

 

Thrombocytes produce

  1. erythrocytes b. leucocytes c. platelets             d. plasma

 

A Reticulocyte is

  1. WBC b. immature RBC      c. Platelet     d.  dead RBC

 

Percentage or portion of blood which is composed of blood cells is called

  1. hematemesis b. hemoptysis c. hematocrit      d. PCV

 

Heme part of hemoglobin consists of

  1. iron b. bilirubin c. both a&b are true      d. protein

 

Intrinsic factor

  1. is secreted by stomach
  2. is needed to absorb Vit B-12
  3. if lacks we can not produce RBCs condition called pernious anemia
  4. all of the are true

 

Erythropoietin is

  1. a hormone b. secreted by kidney
  2. stimulates erythropoisis d. all of the above are true

 

_______________________________ are clotting factors in plasma

  1. globulin b. fibrinogen c. thrombinogen           d. both b&c

 

The acronym CAD stands for:

Cardiovascular Artery Disease   b. Coronary Artery Disease

  1. Carotid Artery Disease d. Conduction Articulated Dysrhythmia

 

___________________________ is responsible for the exchange of CO2:

WBCs     b. RBCs    c. Lymphocytes   d. Reticulocytes   e. None of the above

 

Failure of bone marrow to produce RBC is

  1. hemolytic anemia b. aplastic anemia c. Pernious anemia     d. thalssemia

 

Defect to produce functional hemoglobin in RBCs is

  1. hemolytic anemia b. aplastic anemia c. Pernious anemia     d. Thalssemia

 

Lack of clotting factor VIII or XI is

  1. Hemophilia b. aplastic anemia c. hematocrit     d. Thalssemia

 

Malignant of bone marrow is

  1. Wilms tumor b. asteoma c. multiple myeloma       d. multiple sclerosis

 

Granulocytosis is

  1. increase in number of WBCs b. is because of infection
  2. both a&b are true d. none of the above is true

 

Space around cells in a tissue is called

  1. lymphatic space b. interstitial space c. dead space      d. plasma membrane

 

Fluid in interstitial spaces around cells is a fluid which comes there from leaking

  1. veins b. arteries c. capillaries    d. all of the above

 

Another name for adenoids is

  1. palatine tonsils
  2. lingual tonsils
  3. nasopharyngeal tonsils
  4. sublingual tonsils

 

Which one of the following activates WBCs?

  1. spleen b. lymph nodes c. thymus    d. reticulocytes    e. parathyroid

 

The following percentages can account for less than 1% in the blood:

  1. Plasma b. WBCs  c. Reticulocytes   d. Platelets   e. both b and d

 

Which one of the following can result from an exaggerated allergic reaction?

  1. Drug overdose
  2. Anaphylaxis
  3. Lupus
  4. Anemia

 

Fluid from interstitial spaces moves into

  1. blood capillaries b. lymph capillaries
  2. cytoplasm d. sub-arachnoid membrane

 

Which one of the following gland does not secretes saliva?

  1. parotid b. sublingual c. submandibular     d. parathyroid

 

Which one of the following prevents peritonitis?

  1. cecum b.appendix c. greater omentum           d. none of the above

 

The outermost layer of intestine is called

  1. mucosa b. muscularis c. submucosa       d.serosa

 

The hormone that stimulates uterine contractions is

  1. granular cell carcinoma b. progesterone c. Oxytocin        d. Estrogen

 

The pepsin digests

  1. carbohydrates b. proteins c. fat       d. vitamins

 

The Inner folds of the stomach are called

  1. villi b. omentum c. rugae       d. pylorus

 

The bile is produced in

  1. gall bladder b .liver c. common bile duct     d. spleen

 

The 2nd part of small intestine is

  1. cecum b.duodenum c.ileum              d. jujenum

 

The lack of intrinsic factor causes

  1. pernicious anemia b. hemolytic anemia c. arthritis          d. melanoma

 

The sphincter of Oddi is present in

  1. esophagus b. duodenum c. jejunum     d. colon

 

The pylorus sphincter is present between

  1. esophagus and stomach b. stomach and duodenum
  2. duodenum and jejunum d. ileum and cecum

 

The fold of peritoneum which attaches small intestine with posterior abdominal wall is

  1. mesocolon b. mesoappendix c. mesentery     d. omentum

 

Which one of the following gland is both endocrine as well as exocrine

  1. spleen b. stomach c. pancreas     d. liver

 

The insulin is secreted from

  1. alpha cell of the Islets of Langerhans  b. beta cell of the Islets of Langerhans
  2. adrenal medulla              d. adrenal cortex

 

The hyperbilirubinemia cause

  1. jaundice b. hypertrophy c. ascites   d. encarditis

 

The colon absorbs

  1. proteins b. Vit-B12 c. water & electrolytes        d. none of the above

 

The nutrients are absorbed by

  1. small intestine b. large intestine c. Stomach            d. colon

 

The cardiac sphincter is present

  1. at lower esophagus              b. around aorta
  2. between the stomach and duodenum d. attaches to the cecum

 

The villi provides

  1. motility to bacteria
  2. increased absorptive surface area in small intestine for nutrients
  3. protein
  4. ATP

 

The bile

  1. emulsifies fat  b. chemically digests fat
  2. creates fat d. none of the above

 

The thymus gland is located in

  1. cranium b. abdomen      c. thorax        d. pelvis

 

The hormones produced during stressful situations by adrenal glands are

  1. corticoids b. adrenalin        c. ACTH        d.insulin

 

The hormones secreted by the pancreas directly into the blood stream is

  1. trypsin b. lipase c. amylase      d. insulin

 

Ovulation is under the effect of

  1. FSH b. LH c. growth hormone      d. Oxytocin

 

Uterine contraction is by

  1. FSH b. LH         c. growth hormone      d. Oxytocin

 

Glucagon

  1. increases blood glucose b. decreases blood glucose
  2. doesnot do anything with glucose d. decreases calcium

 

Calcitonin

  1. is secreted by thyroid b. decreases blood calcium level

c..increases blood calcium level               d. a&b

 

Abnormal increase in RBCs in blood is

  1. hemochromatosis b. polycythemia vera
  2. leucocytosis d. none of the above

 

Which of the following is “secreted” in the urine?

  1. amino acids b. triglycerides c. cretinine                      d. albumin

 

Urine passes through the

  1. hilum to the bladder to the ureter b. renal pelvis to ureter to bladder to urethra
  2. glomerulus to ureter to renal tubule d. hilum to urethra to bladder

 

The renal tubule and the peritubular arteriole make up a/an

  1. Neuron b. Nephron.                      C. Myocyte.                       d. Renal sinus.

 

      The chamber that actually houses the hearing receptors is the __________________.
A. vestibule
B. semicircular canal
C. scala tympani
D. cochlear duct

 

The inner surface of the eyelids is lined with ______________.
conjunctiva
extrinsic eye muscles
dense connective tissue
lacrimal apparatus
The region on the retina that produces the sharpest vision is called the _______________.
sclera
aqueous humor
fovea centralis
optic disk
Objects are perceived by photoreceptors because the rods or cones _____________ as their _______________ in the presence of light.
depolarize; pigments are manufactured
hyperpolarize; pigments decompose
repolarize; pigments remain unchanged
depolarize; pigments decompose

 

Which muscle moves the eye toward the midline?
superior oblique
inferior oblique
medial rectus
lateral rectus
Which extrinsic eye muscle rotates the eyes clockwise?
inferior oblique
superior oblique
lateral rectus
medial rectus
Which cranial nerve does not innervate eye muscles?
III
trochlear
abducens
II
The hormone that stimulates uterine contractions is

a. granular cell carcinoma           b. progesterone              c. Oxytocin        d. Estrogen

 

The pepsin digests

a. carbohydrates     b. proteins       c. fat       d. vitamins

 

The Inner folds of the stomach are called

a. villi              b. omentum        c. rugae       d. pylorus

 

The bile is produced in

a. gall bladder       b .liver        c. common bile duct     d. spleen

 

The 2nd part of small intestine is

a. cecum             b.duodenum               c.ileum              d. jujenum

 

The lack of intrinsic factor causes

a. pernicious anemia       b. hemolytic anemia     c. arthritis          d. melanoma

 

The sphincter of Oddi is present in

a. esophagus      b. duodenum      c. jejunum     d. colon

 

The pylorus sphincter is present between

a. esophagus and stomach      b. stomach and duodenum

c. duodenum and jejunum       d. ileum and cecum

 

The fold of peritoneum which attaches small intestine with posterior abdominal wall is

a. mesocolon      b. mesoappendix      c. mesentery     d. omentum

 

Which one of the following gland is both endocrine as well as exocrine

a. spleen     b. stomach     c. pancreas     d. liver

 

The insulin is secreted from

a. alpha cell of the Islets of Langerhans                 b. beta cell of the Islets of Langerhans

c. adrenal medulla                                                  d. adrenal cortex

 

The hyperbilirubinemia cause

a. jaundice                b. hypertrophy        c. ascites   d. encarditis

 

The colon absorbs

a. proteins       b. Vit-B12      c. water & electrolytes        d. none of the above

 

The nutrients are absorbed by

a. small intestine        b. large intestine    c. Stomach            d. colon

 

The cardiac sphincter is present

a. at lower esophagus                                            b. around aorta

c. between the stomach and duodenum   d. attaches to the cecum

 

The villi provides

a.          motility to bacteria

b.          increased absorptive surface area in small intestine for nutrients

c.          protein

d.          ATP

 

The bile

a. emulsifies fat               b. chemically digests fat

c. creates fat                    d. none of the above

 

The thymus gland is located in

a. cranium     b. abdomen      c. thorax        d. pelvis

 

The hormones produced during stressful situations by adrenal glands are

a. corticoids     b. adrenalin        c. ACTH        d.insulin

 

The hormones secreted by the pancreas directly into the blood stream is

a. trypsin       b. lipase    c. amylase      d. insulin

 

Ovulation is under the effect of

a. FSH      b. LH         c. growth hormone      d. Oxytocin

 

Uterine contraction is by

a. FSH      b. LH         c. growth hormone      d. Oxytocin

 

Glucagon

a. increases blood glucose                           b. decreases blood glucose

c. doesnot do anything with glucose           d. decreases calcium

 

Calcitonin

a. is secreted by thyroid                           b. decreases blood calcium level

c..increases blood calcium level               d. a&b

 

Abnormal increase in RBCs in blood is

a. hemochromatosis                     b. polycythemia vera

c. leucocytosis                d. none of the above

 

The _____ is a membrane covering the anterior portion of the eyeball except for the cornea.

A. cornea
B. conjunctiva
C. sclera
D. eyelid

 

Sperm production begins in the

seminiferous tubules.

epididymis.

vas deferens.

ejaculatory duct.

 

The cell produced by fertilization is called A. gamete. B. embryo. C. fetus. D. zygote.

The production of testosterone in the interstitial cells is stimulated by A. inhibin. B. luteinizing hormone (LH). C. follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). D. progesterone.

Sperm maturation occurs in the A. seminiferous tubules. B.epididymis. C. vas deferens. D. urethra.

The layer of the uterine wall that is shed during menstruation is the A. endometrium. B. myometrium. C. epimetrium. Where are urea and uric acid produced?

Catabolism of amino and nucleic acids

 

What 3 categories do the kidneys excrete?

Uric acid and urea products of blood cells and hemoglobin hormones, drug metabolism, pesticides

 

How does the kidney effect homeostasis?

Fluid volume Electrolyte composition Osmolarity

 

How do the kidneys contribute to the endocrine system?

Renin-angiotensin Erythropoietin

 

What is the nephron and its components?

The functional unit of the kidney 1. The glomerulus (Bowman’s capsule) 2. Renal tubules

 

What is the function of the glomerulus and bowman’s capsule?

Plasma filter

 

What is the function of the renal tubules?

Transport, resorption, secretion

 

How many arterioles does each nephron have?

2 – afferent and efferent

 

How many capillaries does each nephron have?

2 – Glomerulus and peritubular

 

What are the 2 types of nephrons?

Cortical nephron Juxtamedullary nephron

 

Where is the cortical nephron located?

Only in the cortex Shorter loops Peritubular capillaries, no Vasa Recta

 

Where is the juxtamedullary nephron located?

In both cortex and medulla Longer loops Vasa Recta

 

What is the filtration fraction?

20% of Renal Plasma Flow is filtered at the glomerulus

 

What is filtered at the glomerulus?

Wwater, electrolytes, small molecules (urea, glucose, inulin)

No proteins/cells

 

What is clearance?

What the kidney can eliminate from plasma

Urine concentration/plasma concentration x urine volume

 

What is the average urine volume/day?

1.8L

 

What 2 substances can be used to measure clearance?

Inulin

Creatinine – some reabsorbed, so gives lower clearance value

Para Aminohypuric Acid

 

What is reabsorption?

Reclaiming of some components in the filtered load – glucose, AAs, sodium, etc

 

How are some substances reabsorbed?

Transporter substances Glucose needs Na to cotransport

 

What is transport maximum?

There are no more carriers available, so the substance stops being reabsorbed and gets excreted

 

What is the filtered load?

quantity of filtered substance exiting the glomerulus

Concentration in plasma x GFR

 

What are the Starlings forces?

Determine glomerular filtration Plasma/capillary Hydrostatic Plasma oncotic Bowman’s capsule pressure

 

Where is most of the glucose and sodium reabsorbed?

Proximal tubule

 

Where are substances secreted?

From peritubular capillaries into the renal tubules – limited transport

 

What substances are secreted?

Para-amino hypuric acid

Other organic acids

 

If filtration rate is greater than excretion rate

Then there is a net reabsorption of X

 

If excretion rate is greater than filtration rate

Then there is a net secretion of X

 

If filtration and excretion are the same

There is no net reabsorption or secretion

 

What is the primary function of the proximal convoluted tubule?

Reabsorb H2O and some essential solutes

 

How much of the filtered sodium and water is reabsorbed?

2/3’s

 

What 3 things use Na+ for cotransport?

Glucose AAs HCO3

 

What is the action of carbonic anhydrase?

Inhibit HCO3- reabsorption, act as diuretic

 

What does the thin descending limb of the loop do?

highly permeable to water It is the Concentrating loop

 

What does the thin ascending limb of the loop do?

Not permeable to water Permeable to NaCl and urea

 

What does the thick ascending limb do?

Impermeable to water Somewhat permeable to urea Reabsorb NaCl – diluting loop

 

How do loop diurets work and what are they?

Furosamide, ethacrynic acid, butemetamide

Block Na, K, Cl pump

 

What is the role of the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct?

Fine tuning

 

Where is ADH secreted?

Supraoptic and para ventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus in response to volume and pressure changes in vascular bed

 

What is the effect of ADH?

decreased urine volume

 

What is the function of JG cells?

Smooth muscles in the arterioles, that contract/dilate them – contains renin

 

What is the function of the macula densa?

Detects solute levels

 

What triggers renin release?

low hydrostatic pressure in afferent

Stimualtion of sympatheetics

Changes in fluid at macula densa

 

Whaat is the function of renin?

Converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I

 

How do we get angiotensin II?

Angiotensin I circulates through lungs with angiotensin convertince enzyme (ACE)

 

What is the function of angiotensin II?

Stimulates aldosterone Vasoconstriction of arterioles

 

What is the function of aldosterone?

Increases reabsorption of Na+ Secretion of K+ and H+

D. None of the above.

 

 

The external genitalia of the female are collectively called A. labia. B. vulva. C. clitoris. D. mons pubis.

The hormone that works with estrogen to prepare the endometrium for implantation of a fertilized egg is A. LH. B. FSH. C. ADH. D. progesterone.

The average menstrual cycle is A. 14 days. B. 18 days. C. 24 days. D. 28 days.

The structure between the uterus and the vagina is the A. uterine tube. B. cervix. C. vulva. D. hymen

 


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